Acute Pancreatitis

The pancreas is an organ located behind the stomach and near the small intestine. It produces and distributes insulin, digestive enzymes, and other necessary hormones.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is inflammation of the pancreas. It occurs suddenly and causes pain in the upper abdominal (or epigastric) region. The pain often radiates to your back.

AP can also involve other organs. It can also develop into chronic pancreatitis if you have continued episodes.

What causes acute pancreatitis?

Acute pancreatitis is caused directly or indirectly. Direct causes affect the pancreas itself, its tissues, or its ducts. Indirect causes result from diseases or conditions that originate somewhere else in your body.

Gallstones are one of the major causes of acute pancreatitis. Gallstones can lodge in the common bile duct and block the pancreatic duct. This impairs fluid from flowing to and from the pancreas and causes damage.

Direct causes

Other direct causes of acute pancreatitis include:

• sudden immune system attacks on the pancreas, or autoimmune pancreatitis
• pancreatic or gallbladder damage from surgery or injury
• excessive fats called triglycerides in your blood

Indirect causes

Indirect causes of acute pancreatitis include:

• alcohol abuse
• cystic fibrosis, a serious condition that affects your lungs, liver, and pancreas
• Kawasaki disease, a disease that occurs in children younger than 5 years old
• viral infections like mumps and bacterial infections like mycoplasma
• Reye”s syndrome, a complication from certain viruses that can also affect the liver
• certain medications containing estrogen, corticosteroids, or certain antibiotics

Who is at risk for acute pancreatitis?

Drinking too much alcohol can put you at risk for pancreatic inflammation. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) defines “too much” as more than one drink a day for women and a maximum of two drinks a day for men. Men are more at risk than women for developing alcohol-related pancreatitis.

Smoking tobacco also increases your chance of AP. Smoking and drinking rates are similar in black and white Americans, but black Americans are more than two times as likely to develop AP. A family history of cancer, inflammation, or another pancreatic condition also puts you at risk.

Recognizing the symptoms of acute pancreatitis

The predominant symptom of acute pancreatitis is abdominal pain.
Pain may vary depending on certain factors. These include:

• pain within minutes of drinking or eating food
• pain spreading from your abdomen to your back or left shoulder blade area
• pain that lasts for several days at a time
• pain when you lie on your back, more so than when sitting up

Other symptoms can also increase the pain and discomfort. These include:

• fever
• nausea
• vomiting
• sweating
• jaundice (yellowing of the skin)
• diarrhea
• bloating

When any of these symptoms are accompanied by abdominal pain, you should seek immediate medical care.

Diagnosing acute pancreatitis

Your doctor can diagnose AP by using blood tests and scans. The blood test looks for enzymes (amylase and lipase) leaking from the pancreas. An ultrasound, CT, or MRI scan allows your doctor to see any abnormalities in or around your pancreas. Your doctor will also ask about your medical history and ask you to describe your discomfort.

Treating acute pancreatitis

Often you will be admitted to the hospital for more testing and to make sure you get enough fluids, usually intravenously. Your doctor may order medications to reduce pain and treat any possible infections. If these treatments don”t work, you may need surgery to remove damaged tissue, drain fluid, or correct blocked ducts. If gallstones caused the problem, you may need surgery to remove the gallbladder.

If your doctor concludes that a medication is causing your acute pancreatitis, stop using that medication right away. If a traumatic injury caused your pancreatitis, avoid the activity until you”re fully recovered from treatment. Check with your doctor before increasing your activity.

You may experience a lot of pain after acute pancreatitis, surgery, or other treatments. If prescribed pain medication, be sure to follow your doctor”s plan to reduce your discomfort once you get home. Avoid smoking completely, and drink a lot of fluids to make sure you don”t get dehydrated.

If pain or discomfort is still unbearable, it is important to check back with your doctor for a follow-up evaluation.

Acute pancreatitis is sometimes linked with type 2 diabetes, which affects your insulin production. Eating foods like lean protein, leafy vegetables, and whole grains can help your pancreas produce insulin more regularly and gently.

Lifestyle and diet

Stay hydrated at all times. Keep a water bottle or an electrolyte-infused drink like Gatorade.
Help prevent AP by limiting the amount of alcohol you drink. If you”ve already had pancreatitis and haven”t made lifestyle changes, it”s possible to develop it again. Children, and teens under the age of 19, should not take aspirin unless their doctor prescribes it. Aspirin can cause Reye”s syndrome, which is a known trigger for acute pancreatitis.

Complications of acute pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis can cause pseudocysts in your pancreas. These fluid-filled sacks can lead to infections and even internal bleeding. Acute pancreatitis can also disrupt the balance of your body chemistry. This can lead to more complications.

You might also face the possibility of diabetes or kidney issues that lead to dialysis. Or malnutrition, if your acute pancreatitis is severe, or if you develop chronic pancreatitis over time.

In some people, acute pancreatitis can be the first sign of pancreatic cancer. Talk to your doctor about treatment as soon as you”re diagnosed with acute pancreatitis to avoid complications. Quick and effective treatment reduces your risk of complications significantly.

Outlook

Pancreatitis can cause serious short-term pain. Untreated cases and recurrences can lead to chronic problems. Most cases can be treated. If you”re admitted to the hospital for acute pancreatitis, how long you will need to stay is based on the severity of your episode. Avoid drinking alcohol, strenuous exercise, and follow a diet plan that allows your pancreas to heal before returning to your normal diet.

Pancreatitis symptoms can be confusing. Abdominal pain and back pain can have other causes. If you notice these symptoms see your doctor.

Acute pancreatitis can be treated successfully, and usually lifestyle changes will allow you to live your life comfortably, even if you have flare-ups now and then. Talk to your doctor to make sure you”re following the right treatment plan and lifestyle changes to lessen your risk of future bouts of acute pancreatitis.